What is research in the context of mathematics education? Confrey provides an insightful answer to this question by categorizing research into three “buckets” based on their underlying purposes: research to inform, which addresses questions such as “What is happening?” and “How or why is it happening?”; research to deform, or work designed to challenge and reshape mathematics education, particularly with respect to issues of equity; and research to reform, which studies efforts to reform school mathematics teaching and learning, an area in which Confrey particularly calls for high standards of methodological rigor.

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