Instructional
programs from prekindergarten through grade 12 should enable all students to—
Formulate
questions that can be addressed with data and collect, organize, and display
relevant data to answer them
Pre-K–2
Expectations: In pre-K through grade 2 all students should–
- pose questions and gather data about themselves and their
surroundings;
- sort and classify objects according to their attributes and
organize data about the objects;
- represent data using concrete objects, pictures, and graphs.
Grades
3–5 Expectations: In grades 3–5 all students should–
- design investigations to address a question and consider how
data-collection methods affect the nature of the data set;
- collect data using observations, surveys, and experiments;
- represent data using tables and graphs such as line plots,
bar graphs, and line graphs;
- recognize the differences in representing categorical and
numerical data.
Grades
6–8 Expectations: In grades 6–8 all students should–
- formulate questions, design studies, and collect data about a
characteristic shared by two populations or different characteristics within
one population;
- select, create, and use appropriate graphical representations
of data, including histograms, box plots, and scatterplots.
Grades
9–12 Expectations: In grades 9–12 all students should–
- understand the differences among various kinds of studies and
which types of inferences can legitimately be drawn from each;
- know the characteristics of well-designed studies, including
the role of randomization in surveys and experiments;
- understand the meaning of measurement data and categorical
data, of univariate and bivariate data, and of the term variable;
- understand histograms, parallel box plots, and scatterplots
and use them to display data;
- compute basic statistics and understand the distinction
between a statistic and a parameter.
Select
and use appropriate statistical methods to analyze data
Pre-K–2
Expectations: In pre-K through grade 2 all students should–
- describe parts of the data and the set of data as a whole to
determine what the data show.
Grades
3–5 Expectations: In grades 3–5 all students should–
- describe the shape and important features of a set of data
and compare related data sets, with an emphasis on how the data are
distributed;
- use measures of center, focusing on the median, and
understand what each does and does not indicate about the data set;
- compare different representations of the same data and
evaluate how well each representation shows important aspects of the data.
Grades
6–8 Expectations: In grades 6–8 all students should–
- find, use, and interpret measures of center and spread,
including mean and interquartile range;
- discuss and understand the correspondence between data sets
and their graphical representations, especially histograms, stem-and-leaf
plots, box plots, and scatterplots.
Grades
9–12 Expectations: In grades 9–12 all students should–
- for univariate measurement data, be able to display the
distribution, describe its shape, and select and calculate summary statistics;
- for bivariate measurement data, be able to display a
scatterplot, describe its shape, and determine regression coefficients,
regression equations, and correlation coefficients using technological tools;
- display and discuss bivariate data where at least one
variable is categorical;
- recognize how linear transformations of univariate data
affect shape, center, and spread;
- identify trends in bivariate data and find functions that
model the data or transform the data so that they can be modeled.
Develop
and evaluate inferences and predictions that are based on data
Pre-K–2
Expectations: In pre-K through grade 2 all students should–
- discuss events related to students' experiences as likely or
unlikely.
Grades
3–5 Expectations: In grades 3–5 all students should–
- propose and justify conclusions and predictions that are
based on data and design studies to further investigate the conclusions or
predictions.
Grades
6–8 Expectations: In grades 6–8 all students should–
- use observations about differences between two or more
samples to make conjectures about the populations from which the samples were
taken;
- make conjectures about possible relationships between two
characteristics of a sample on the basis of scatterplots of the data and
approximate lines of fit;
- use conjectures to formulate new questions and plan new
studies to answer them.
Grades
9–12 Expectations: In grades 9–12 all students should–
- use simulations to explore the variability of sample
statistics from a known population and to construct sampling distributions;
- understand how sample statistics reflect the values of
population parameters and use sampling distributions as the basis for informal
inference;
- evaluate published reports that are based on data by
examining the design of the study, the appropriateness of the data analysis,
and the validity of conclusions;
- understand how basic statistical techniques are used to
monitor process characteristics in the workplace.
Understand
and apply basic concepts of probability
Pre-K–2
Expectations: In pre-K through grade 2 all students should–
Grades
3–5 Expectations: In grades 3–5 all students should–
- describe events as likely or unlikely and discuss the degree
of likelihood using such words as certain, equally likely, and impossible;
- predict the probability of outcomes of simple experiments and
test the predictions;
- understand that the measure of the likelihood of an event can
be represented by a number from 0 to 1.
Grades
6–8 Expectations: In grades 6–8 all students should–
- understand and use appropriate terminology to describe
complementary and mutually exclusive events;
- use proportionality and a basic understanding of probability
to make and test conjectures about the results of experiments and simulations;
- compute probabilities for simple compound events, using such
methods as organized lists, tree diagrams, and area models.
Grades
9–12 Expectations: In grades 9–12 all students should–
- understand the concepts of sample space and probability
distribution and construct sample spaces and distributions in simple cases;
- use simulations to construct empirical probability
distributions;
- compute and interpret the expected value of random variables
in simple cases;
- understand the concepts of conditional probability and
independent events;
- understand how to compute the probability of a compound
event.